Proceedings of the 21st European Conference on Composite Materials, Abhyankar, Tzortzinis, Antonowitz, Giannakis, Sykaras, Leschik, Filippatos, Spitzer, Gude Abstract Maritime transport routes are vital for Europe as a key player in the global economy. The European Commission is seeking to transform it into a smart, green system, with the European Green Deal strategy targeting a 90% reduction in emissions by 2050 through sustainable alternatives. Ammonia (NH3) as an energy carrier offers the potential for fossil-free ship propulsion systems. However, storage of NH3 for use in the propulsion system is subject to specific operational and design space requirements. Specifically, storage solution must maximize NH3 capacity within limited installation space while ensuring compatibility with existing containerized arrangements for seamless integration into existing vessels, because NH3 requires three times the storage space for same energy output as compared to conventional fuels. Composite fibre-reinforced polymers, with their outstanding mechanical properties, combined with excellent chemical

Advances in Maritime Technology and Engineering, M.P. Mujeeb-Ahmed Byongug Jeong, Peilin Zhou, Hayoung Jang, Insik Hwang, Haibin Wang ABSTRACT The potential of ammonia as a sustainable marine fuel is accompanied by significant safety concerns. This study delves into the aftermath of ammonia tank leakage incidents, with a primary focus on evaluating the associated fire risks. Employing a general cargo ammonia-retrofit ship comprising of several high-pressure ammonia storage tanks, we conduct an in-depth analysis utilizing CFD modelling of the multifaceted factors that contribute to the severity of jet fire scenarios, encompassing different ammonia release rates, and leak directions (horizontal and vertical). The results show that in the event of fire, it poses significant safety concerns to the storage tanks, especially composite tanks, and therefore passive fire protection measure including the installation of the removable fire barrier is suggested as the design recommendation, apart from the active CO2 measures. The knowledge garnered from

Advances in Maritime Technology and Engineering, Insik Hwang, Peilin Zhou, Byongug Jeong, Haibin Wang, Hayoung Jang, M.P. Mujeeb-Ahmed ABSTRACT To respond to climate change, the maritime sector is actively investigating the use of alternative fuels. Ammonia is recognized as a promising option due to its potential for sustainable energy. Nonetheless, the deployment of ammonia as a marine fuel must contend with significant safety hazards, particularly its high toxicity. This research evaluates the consequences of potential ammonia spills during bunkering operations and determines appropriate safety zones. Employing a holistic risk assessment methodology, the study examines various environmental conditions, the duration of ammonia emissions, and the establishment of specific bunkering accident scenarios. It conducts a thorough frequency analysis of such incidents and employs accident impact analysis modelling. The findings of this research are of critical importance to vessels utilizing ammonia as a fuel source and extend to safety management professionals within the

International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, Hayoung Jang, M.P. Mujeeb-Ahmed, Haibin Wang, Chybyung Park, Insik Hwang, Byongug Jeong, Peilin Zhou, Astrinos Papadakis, Alexandros Giannakis, Konstantinos Sykaras Abstract The maritime industry is exploring ammonia as an alternative fuel to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. However, the high toxicity of ammonia poses significant safety challenges for onboard handling and storage. This study investigates ammonia dispersion and toxicity levels from vent mast releases on ships, aiming to enhance safety measures for future ammonia-fueled vessels. Using CFD analysis on a 31,000-dwt general cargo ship model, the research examines various release scenarios, considering regulatory requirements, vent mast design, and environmental conditions. Results show that direct ammonia release from the vent mast poses fatal risks to the crew in the accommodation area and on adjacent ships, regardless of current regulatory stipulations. The study recommends installing an ammonia-catching system to reduce concentrations to safe levels of 30 ppm before release.

Ocean Engineering (ISSN 0029-8018), Hayoung Jang, M.P. Mujeeb-Ahmed, Haibin Wang, Chybyung Park, Insik Hwang, Byongug Jeong, Peilin Zhou, Rima Mickeviciene Abstract The concept and design of ammonia as a marine fuel are still in the embryonic stage which requires an in-depth investigation of its applicability in terms of its safety and potential risks, both in the design and operational phases of a ship’s lifecycle. The paper examines and compares the state-of-the-art safety regulations, rules, standards and guidelines relevant to ammonia-fuelled ships available in various classification societies reports and international regulations such as the IGF codes and summarises their gaps and limitations. The paper critically analyses three major hazards namely toxicity, chemical corrosion, fire and explosion and their potential impact on the human, environment and ship in the event of ammonia leakage. Various hazardous areas considered include ammonia leakage at the bunkering station, fuel preparation room, engine room and storage room and its